Let me be clear to start with: I am in no way about to suggest that atheism is itself a religion. Atheism is one among a handful of stances on a particular philosophical question, and being an atheist doesn't preclude any one person from subscribing to a whole range of stances on other philosophical questions.
I'd like to propose a few criteria for recognizing something as a religion, criteria which I've selected specifically for their explanatory power, i.e. their ability to effectively explain things we observe in the world, namely how people come together to share in particular worldviews, how they identify with the group, and how it has a societal impact. It can be countered, for example, that one could identify as a Christian or Muslim but not participate in religious activities with others, but it remains that the religion is there in the first place for one to identify with because of the sociological vehicle.
Given that, a religion is a social phenomenon in which:
-There are multiple adherents who gather together for the express purpose of sharing in the religion.
-There are standard, accepted texts, which define the beliefs which adherents subscribe to. Within a religion there may not be unanimity on how to understand the texts, and what all are the accepted and possibly rejected texts, but this is enough of a universal phenomenon to warrant inclusion as a criterion.
-The beliefs associated with a religion must encompass enough general philosophical questions, mostly of the metaphysical and especially the ethical variety, to constitute an overall worldview.
-It must be sufficiently organized and answer enough worldview related questions in order for the adherents themselves to deem it appropriate to identify with the religion, calling themselves 'Christians', 'Hindus', 'Punjabs', or whatever else.
What are the implications here? I'm more than a little certain this kind of definition for religion implies that those of us who are enculturated to think of the issue from a westernized perspective need to broaden our horizons in order to grasp all of what's going on. English speaking discussions in which atheism is considered to preclude religion are virtually omnipresent and thinking that way really isn't helpful for anyone who might like to establish a deeper familiarity with, for example, Buddhism.
You see, Buddhism was, from its outset, an atheistic religion. Siddhartha Gautama, aka The Buddha, lived in an environment in which he was exposed to Hindu thinking, reading and hearing about the Puranas (secondary philosophical dialogues which defined sects of Hinduism, some in favor of monism and even monotheism, others in favor of polytheism, and yet others actually in favor of atheism and materialism, see Carvaka Hinduism) and Upanishads (the primary religious texts which the Puranas drew upon as source material, written in the form of poetry, the telling of religious epics, and instructions for carrying out rituals), and spending time learning from Indian ascetics who were the protozoic nucleus that would later develop into a religion we now recognize as Jainism. Unlike the ancient religious environment further west, the idea of atheism wasn't nearly as unfamiliar, so Gautama formed a religion in which there was indeed a principle aspect behind existence, but he redefined Brahman in a purely atheistic sense and didn't deify himself or other Buddhas.
This is really the tip of the iceberg on the subject. I brought up Buddhism in particular because further discussion on its history and development could serve as good source material for talks about people throughout history engaging in religious behavior without theistic beliefs, how Buddhism has been synthesized with some theistic religions in East Asia and in some cases has either adopted theistic thought or redefined local deities and superstitions as Boddhisattvas. A Boddhisattva is a particular kind of Buddha/sagely-person who is capable of escaping the reincarnation cycle but makes the self sacrifical choice not to enter Nirvana in order to return periodically and help guide others to Nirvana.
I'd like to propose a few criteria for recognizing something as a religion, criteria which I've selected specifically for their explanatory power, i.e. their ability to effectively explain things we observe in the world, namely how people come together to share in particular worldviews, how they identify with the group, and how it has a societal impact. It can be countered, for example, that one could identify as a Christian or Muslim but not participate in religious activities with others, but it remains that the religion is there in the first place for one to identify with because of the sociological vehicle.
Given that, a religion is a social phenomenon in which:
-There are multiple adherents who gather together for the express purpose of sharing in the religion.
-There are standard, accepted texts, which define the beliefs which adherents subscribe to. Within a religion there may not be unanimity on how to understand the texts, and what all are the accepted and possibly rejected texts, but this is enough of a universal phenomenon to warrant inclusion as a criterion.
-The beliefs associated with a religion must encompass enough general philosophical questions, mostly of the metaphysical and especially the ethical variety, to constitute an overall worldview.
-It must be sufficiently organized and answer enough worldview related questions in order for the adherents themselves to deem it appropriate to identify with the religion, calling themselves 'Christians', 'Hindus', 'Punjabs', or whatever else.
What are the implications here? I'm more than a little certain this kind of definition for religion implies that those of us who are enculturated to think of the issue from a westernized perspective need to broaden our horizons in order to grasp all of what's going on. English speaking discussions in which atheism is considered to preclude religion are virtually omnipresent and thinking that way really isn't helpful for anyone who might like to establish a deeper familiarity with, for example, Buddhism.
You see, Buddhism was, from its outset, an atheistic religion. Siddhartha Gautama, aka The Buddha, lived in an environment in which he was exposed to Hindu thinking, reading and hearing about the Puranas (secondary philosophical dialogues which defined sects of Hinduism, some in favor of monism and even monotheism, others in favor of polytheism, and yet others actually in favor of atheism and materialism, see Carvaka Hinduism) and Upanishads (the primary religious texts which the Puranas drew upon as source material, written in the form of poetry, the telling of religious epics, and instructions for carrying out rituals), and spending time learning from Indian ascetics who were the protozoic nucleus that would later develop into a religion we now recognize as Jainism. Unlike the ancient religious environment further west, the idea of atheism wasn't nearly as unfamiliar, so Gautama formed a religion in which there was indeed a principle aspect behind existence, but he redefined Brahman in a purely atheistic sense and didn't deify himself or other Buddhas.
This is really the tip of the iceberg on the subject. I brought up Buddhism in particular because further discussion on its history and development could serve as good source material for talks about people throughout history engaging in religious behavior without theistic beliefs, how Buddhism has been synthesized with some theistic religions in East Asia and in some cases has either adopted theistic thought or redefined local deities and superstitions as Boddhisattvas. A Boddhisattva is a particular kind of Buddha/sagely-person who is capable of escaping the reincarnation cycle but makes the self sacrifical choice not to enter Nirvana in order to return periodically and help guide others to Nirvana.
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